Barilius ardens

Barilius: from barila, a vernacular Bengali name for the species B. barila, the type species.

ardens: from the Latin ardens, meaning 'burning, fiery', in allusion to the flame-like colour pattern in mature males.

Currently known from the Sita and Swarna rivers systems which drain the western slopes of the Western Ghats mountains in Karnataka state, southwestern India.

Type locality is '13°20’02”N, 74°54’46”E, Swarna River, Karnataka, India'.

Inhabits well-oxygenated, low-to-medium gradient, moderate to fast-flowing rivers and streams with substrates of gravel, cobbles, larger boulders and exposed bedrock.

Requires a large aquarium with minimum surface area of 150 ∗ 60 cm60 ∗ 24 in or equivalent.

The aquarium should ideally be designed to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably-sized rocks, sand, fine gravel, and some larger water-worn boulders. This can be further furnished with driftwood roots and branches if you wish but be sure to leave plenty of open swimming space.

While the majority of aquatic plants will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy genera such as Microsorum, Bolbitis, or Anubias spp. can be grown attached to the décor.

This species is intolerant to the accumulation of organic wastes and requires spotless water at all times in order to thrive. It also does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and moderate degree of water movement meaning external filters, powerheads, airstones, etc., should be employed as necessary.

As stable water conditions are obligatory for its well-being this fish should never be added to biologically-immature aquaria, and weekly water changes of 30-50% aquarium volume should be considered mandatory. A tightly-fitting cover is also essential as Barilius spp. are prodigious jumpers.

Barilius spp. are predominantly surface-feeders preying on aquatic and terrestrial insects in nature, with some small fishes and benthic invertebrates probably taken as well.

In the aquarium good quality dried products can be offered but should be supplemented with regular meals of live and frozen fare such as chironomid larvae (bloodworm), Artemia, chopped earthworms, etc. Drosophila fruit flies and small crickets are also suitable provided they are gut-loaded prior to use.

Unsuitable for the general community due to its environmental requirements, and likely to outcompete or intimidate slow-moving and less bold species at meal times since it is an extremely fast swimmer and vigorous feeder. Much smaller fishes should also be omitted as they may be predated upon.

The best tankmates are similarly-sized, robust, pelagic cyprinids such as Dawkinsia, other Barilius or larger Devario and Rasbora spp. while bottom-dwellers could consist of Garra, Crossocheilus, Botia and Schistura spp., for example. Many characids and loricariid catfishes should also work well, but be sure to perform thorough research before purchase.

Although gregarious by nature this is a shoaling rather than schooling species which develops a distinct pecking order and therefore should always be maintained in a group of five or more individuals. If only two or three are purchased the subdominant fish may be bullied incessantly whereas solitary specimens may become aggressive towards similar-looking species.

Adult females are less-brightly-coloured, tend to grow a little larger and are thicker-bodied than males, especially when gravid.

Nuptial males develop breeding tubercules on the head and orange pigmentation on the flanks and lower portion of the body.

Unreported.

Prior to its description this species was typically identified as the congener B. canarensis in the ornamental trade.

It can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: unique colour pattern consisting of a row of bluish-green markings along the length of the body, the upper comprising 7-9 vertically-elongate markings 4-6 scales high and 2-3 scales wide, with the anterior three blotches split into 2 smaller rows in large adults; dorsal and anal fins with broad orange margins; 5+4+3 teeth on the fifth ceratobranchial; 16-18 predorsal scales; 10½ branched dorsal-fin rays; 13½ branched anal-fin rays; 36-37 + 1 lateral line scales; gill rakers slender and well-defined.

The generic placement of Barilius species has been open to question since Howes (1980) concluded that the Barilius grouping, within which they were included at the time, was not monophyletic and identified two separate lineages. The first group contained B. barila, the type species, plus B. bendelisis, B. radiolatus, B. vagra, and B. shacra, while the second included all other species, and initially these were referred to the subdivisions 'group i' and 'group ii' within Barilius itself.

The composition of these groups is confusing since in a later work Howes (1983) included B. evezardi and B. modestus in 'group i' whilst omitting B. bendelisis, B. radiolatus, and B. shacra without explicitly stating why.

Rainboth (1991) assigned the members of Howe's 'group ii' to the revalidated generic name Opsarius based on the fact it was the oldest available with 'group i' species retaining the name Barilius due to the presence of the type species.

This system has been followed by some subsequent authors, e.g., Tang et al. (2010) and Collins et al. (2012) but not gain wider usage until Kottelat (2013), who included all former Barilius from Southeast Asia in Opsarius.