Boulengerella cuvieri (SPIX & AGASSIZ, 1829)

SynonymsTop ↑

Xiphostoma cuvieri Spix & Agassiz, 1829; Xiphostoma ocellatum Jardine, 1841; Xiphostoma oseryi Castelnau, 1855; Xiphostoma longipinne Steindachner, 1876

Etymology

Boulengerella: named for Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger (1858-1937).

cuvieri: named for French naturalist and zoologist Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric Cuvier (1769-1832).

Classification

Order: Characiformes Family: Ctenoluciidae

Distribution

Type locality is given as ‘Rivers of Brazil’, with current records suggesting it to occur throughout much of the Amazon basin from the Río Nanay in Peru to Amapá state, northeastern Brazil, the Río Orinoco in Venezuela and Colombia, and coastal drainages in Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana.

It varies in appearance across this range with specimens from the Río Orinoco, Guyana and French Guiana tending to be darker in colour than those from Peru, and those from the rios Tocantins and Juruena tending to have more lateral line scales (108-118) than those from the Oyapock (94-101), for example.

Habitat

This species is pelagic and adults tend to be associated with flowing stretches of main river channels and larger tributaries of both white and black water rivers as well as floodplain lakes.

Sexual maturity is achieved when the fish are about 250 mm SL in size and the reproductive season is between November and March, when water levels are highest.

B. cuvieri has been collected alongside numerous other fish species including most of its congeners.

Maximum Standard Length

The largest officially-recorded specimen measured 675 mm but it appears to grow larger, possibly in excess of 800 mm.

Aquarium SizeTop ↑

Suitable only for public installations or the very largest private aquaria.

Maintenance

Relatively unfussy although some  surface cover in the form of floating or overhanging vegetation is appreciated.

It does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and moderate degree of water movement so external filters, powerheads, airstones, etc., should be employed as necessary.

As stable water conditions are obligatory for its well-being this fish should never be added to biologically-immature aquaria and weekly water changes of 30-50% aquarium volume should be considered mandatory.

A tightly-fitting cover is also essential as Boulengerella spp. are prodigious jumpers, and it may also prove beneficial to cover the back and sides of the aquarium in order to reduce the chances of it swimming into the glass since it can be skittish, especially in confined surroundings.

Water Conditions

Temperature: 22 – 28 °C

pH: 5.0 – 7.5

Hardness: 18 – 215 ppm

Diet

An obligate predator feeding mostly on smaller fishes and insects in nature but in most cases adapting well to dead alternatives in captivity.

Smaller specimens can be offered bloodworm, small earthworms, chopped prawn and suchlike while adults will accept strips of fish flesh, whole prawns/shrimp, mussels, live river shrimp, larger earthworms, etc.

Like the vast majority of predatory fishes this species should not be fed mammalian or avian meat such as beef heart or chicken.

Some of the lipids contained in these cannot be properly metabolised by the fish and can cause excess fat deposits and even organ degeneration.

Similarly there is no benefit in the use of ‘feeder’ fish such as livebearers or small goldfish which carry with them the risk of parasite or disease introduction and at any rate tend not have a high nutritional value unless properly conditioned beforehand.

Behaviour and CompatibilityTop ↑

Peaceful with anything too large to swallow and can be maintained in a community provided tankmates are chosen with care.

Aggressively territorial or very competitive species should be avoided with the best choices being similarly-sized fishes such as Cichla spp. and larger doradid or loricariid catfishes.

Other surface-dwellers are best avoided although some hobbyists report success keeping it alongside the related Acestrorhynchus spp.

This species is not aggressive towards conspecifics with juveniles in particular exhibiting a marked schooling instinct.

Older individuals tend to be more solitary but still group together from time-to-time, and it’s best maintained in numbers of four or more.

Reproduction

Unrecorded.

NotesTop ↑

This species is largely unsuitable for the home aquarium given its eventual size and natural behaviour, and we know of only a handful of private aquarists with the facilities required to house it long-term.

It’s known by various vernacular names including ‘Pirá-pacu’, ‘Pira-pucu’ or ‘Diente de cao’ (central Amazon), ‘Bicuda’ or ‘Uena’ (rio Tocantins), ‘Bicuda’ (rio Tapajós), ‘Aguejeta’ or ‘Picua’ (Venezuela), and ‘Moruwi’ or ‘Pirapoko’ (Guyana).

The entire dorsal-fin base is located anteriorly to a vertical through the anal-fin origin and this character distinguishes it from all other ctenolucids except B. lucius and B. xyrekes.

B. cuvieri differs from B. lucius in presence (vs. absence) of a dark spot at the base of the median caudal-fin rays, presence (vs. absence) of a dusky, somewhat diffuse lateral stripe and absence (vs. presence) of randomly-distributed dark spots on the ventrolateral surface of the body.

It’s very similar to B. xyrekes but can be told apart by absence (vs. presence) of an oblique stripe on the posteroventral portion of the third infraorbital, possession of 48-49 (vs. 44-46) vertebrae and 94-124 (vs. 87-94) lateral line scales.

Boulengerella differs from Ctenolucia, the only other genus currently contained in the family Ctenolucidae, by a series of derived features including possession of 87-124 (vs. 45-50) lateral line scales, presence of a strongly (vs. weakly) developed fleshy appendage at the tip of the snout and absence (vs. presence) of fleshy flaps on the lower jaw.

Within the order Characiformes the family Ctenoluciidae is also distinguished by a set of synapomorphic characters as follows: tapering body shape; elongate jaw shape; possession of many small teeth with curved tips arranged in a single series within each jaw.

Characiformes is among the most diverse orders of freshwater fishes currently including close to 2000 valid species distributed among 19 families.

This tremendous taxonomical, and morphological, diversity has historically impaired the ability of researchers to resolve their genetic relationships with many genera remaining incertae sedis.

A further limiting factor has been that in many cases exhaustive study of these on an individual basis is the only way to resolve such problems.

Modern molecular phylogenetic techniques have allowed some headway, though, and research published by Calcagnotto et al. (2005) revealed some interesting hypotheses.

Their results suggest Ctenoluciidae to belong to a trans-atlantic, monophyletic clade alongside the families Lebiasinidae and Hepsetidae, this assemblage further forming a sister group to Alestidae.

Others such as Oliveira et al. (2011) have concluded that the family Erythrinidae is also closely-related to this grouping with Hepsetidae and Alestidae more distant.

References

1. Calcagnotto, D., S. A. Schaefer and R. De Salle, 2005 - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36(1): 135-153
   Relationships among characiform fishes inferred from analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences.
2. Oliveira, C. A., G. S. Avellino, K. T. Abe, T. C. Mariguela, R. C. Benine, G. Orti, R. P. Vari, and R. M. Corrêa e Castro, 2011 - BMC Evolutionary Biology 11(1): 275-300
   Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling.
3. Reis, R. E., S. O. Kullander and C. J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.), 2003 - EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre: i-xi + 1-729
   Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America. CLOFFSCA.
4. Vari, R. P., 1995 - Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 564: 1-97
   The Neotropical fish family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): supra and intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships, with a revisionary study.