Opsarius koratensis (SMITH, 1931)

SynonymsTop ↑

Barilius koratensis Smith, 1931; ? Barilius huahinensis Fowler, 1934b: Barilius nanensis Smith, 1945; ? Danio ponticulus Smith, 1945; ? Barilius borneensis Roberts, 1989; Danio menglaensis He & Chen, 1994

Etymology

Opsarius: apparently from an Ancient Greek word meaning ‘small fish’.

koratensis: named for the district of Korat, now normally referred to as Nakhon Ratchasima, eastern Thailand.

Classification

Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae

Distribution

Type locality is ‘Mun River at Tachang (Ta-Chang), Nakorn-Rajsima, Korat District, eastern Thailand’.

The Mun is a tributary of the Mekong River and this species is widely-distributed throughout the middle and lower Mekong in Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia, as well as the Chao Phraya and Mae Klong systems in central and western Thailand, respectively, plus the Dong Nai drainage in southern Vietnam.

There also exists at least one record from the upper Mekong in southern China (Yunnan province).

Habitat

Inhabits well-oxygenated, low-to-medium gradient, slow to moderate-flowing rivers and streams with substrates of gravel, cobbles, larger boulders and exposed bedrock.

At the habitat in our image pH was 7.5, temperature 26°C and conductivity 175 µS/cm. It apparently inhabits larger, deeper, and more turbid environments than many congeners.

In a survey of the Mun River conducted in Surin province, northeastern Thailand was collected alongside a host of other fish species including Acantopsis choirhynchos, Lepidocephalichthys hasselti, Yasuhikotakia lecontei, Y. modesta, Y. mortleti, Syncrossus helodes, Barbonymus altus, B. gonionotus, Cyclocheilichthys apogon, C. repasson, Discherodontus ashmeadi, Epalzeorhynchos frenatum, Esomus metallicus, Hampala dispar, H. macrolepidota, Mystacoleucus marginatus, Osteochilus hasseltii, Raiamas guttatus, Rasbora borapetensis, R. dusonensis, R. rubrodorsalis, R. trilineata, Systomus orphoides, ‘Puntius‘ partipentazona, Gyrinocheilus aymonieri, Trichopodus pectoralis, T. trichopterus, Trichopsis pumila, T. vittata, Pseudomystus siamensis, Mystus singaringan, Kryptopterus cryptopterus, and Mastacembelus favus.

Maximum Standard Length

90 – 100 mm.

Aquarium SizeTop ↑

Requires a large aquarium with minimum surface area of 150 ∗ 45 cm or equivalent.

Maintenance

The aquarium should ideally be designed to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably-sized rocks, sand, fine gravel, and some larger water-worn boulders. This can be further furnished with driftwood roots and branches if you wish but be sure to leave plenty of open swimming space.

While the majority of aquatic plants will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy genera such as Microsorum, Bolbitis, or Anubias spp. can be grown attached to the décor.

This species is intolerant to the accumulation of organic wastes and requires spotless water at all times in order to thrive. It also does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and moderate degree of water movement meaning external filters, powerheads, airstones, etc., should be employed as necessary.

As stable water conditions are obligatory for its well-being this fish should never be added to biologically-immature aquaria, and weekly water changes of 30-50% aquarium volume should be considered mandatory. A tightly-fitting cover is also essential as Opsarius spp. are prodigious jumpers.

Water Conditions

Temperature: 22 – 30 °C; apparently prefers warmer condistions and in one study was particularly associated with habitats in which water temperature was around 30°C/86°F.

pH: 6.0 – 8.0

Hardness: 36 – 268 ppm

Diet

Opsarius spp. are predominantly surface-feeders preying on aquatic and terrestrial insects in nature, with some small fishes and benthic invertebrates probably taken as well.

In the aquarium good quality dried products can be offered but should be supplemented with regular meals of live and frozen fare such as chironomid larvae (bloodworm), Artemia, chopped earthworms, etc. Drosophila fruit flies and small crickets are also suitable provided they are gut-loaded prior to use.

Behaviour and CompatibilityTop ↑

Unsuitable for the general community due to its environmental requirements, and likely to outcompete or intimidate slow-moving and less bold species at meal times since it is an extremely fast swimmer and vigorous feeder. Much smaller fishes should also be omitted as they may be predated upon.

The best tankmates are similarly-sized, robust, pelagic cyprinids such as Dawkinsia, Barilius or larger Devario and Rasbora spp. while bottom-dwellers could consist of Garra, Crossocheilus, Botia and Schistura spp., for example. Many characids and loricariid catfishes should also work well, but be sure to perform thorough research before purchase.

Although gregarious by nature this is a shoaling rather than schooling species which develops a distinct pecking order and therefore should always be maintained in a group of five or more individuals. If only two or three are purchased the subdominant fish may be bullied incessantly whereas solitary specimens may become aggressive towards similar-looking species.

Sexual Dimorphism

Adult females are less-brightly-coloured, tend to grow a little larger and are thicker-bodied than males, especially when gravid.

Reproduction

Unreported.

NotesTop ↑

This species occasionally appears in the ornamental trade. It exhibits some morphological differences when compared with relatives, and genetic evidence recovered by Tang et al. (2010) suggests that it may represent a distinct genus.

It can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: 32-36 lateral line scales; 15-18 predorsal scales; a faint, broad, longitudinal stripe on each flank; 2-9 faint (sometimes missing, more well-defined in preserved specimens) short vertical bars on each flank.

The generic placement of species currently referred to Opsarius has been open to question since Howes (1980) concluded that the Barilius grouping, within which they were included at the time, was not monophyletic and identified two separate lineages. The first group contained B. barila, the type species, plus B. bendelisis, B. radiolatus, B. vagra, and B. shacra, while the second included all other species, and initially these were referred to the subdivisions ‘group i’ and ‘group ii’ within Barilius itself.

The composition of these groups is confusing since in a later work Howes (1983) included B. evezardi and B. modestus in ‘group i’ whilst omitting B. bendelisis, B. radiolatus, and B. shacra without explicitly stating why.

Rainboth (1991) assigned the members of Howe’s ‘group ii’ to the revalidated generic name Opsarius based on the fact it was the oldest available with ‘group i’ species retaining the name Barilius due to the presence of the type species.

This system has been followed by some subsequent authors, e.g., Tang et al. (2010) and Collins et al. (2012) but not gain wider usage until Kottelat (2013), who included all former Barilius from Southeast Asia in Opsarius.

References

1. Smith, H. M., 1931 - Proceedings of the United States National Museum 79(2873): 1-48
   Descriptions of new genera and species of Siamese fishes.
2. Collins R. A., K. F. Armstrong, R. Meier, Y. Yi, S. D. J. Brown, R. H. Cruickshank, S. Keeling, and C. Johnston, 2012 - PLoS ONE 7(1): e28381
   Barcoding and border biosecurity: identifying cyprinid fishes in the aquarium trade.
3. F. W. H. Beamish, P. Sa-ardrit, and S. Tongnunui, 2006 - Environmental Biology of Fishes 76(2-4): 237-253
   Habitat Characteristics of the Cyprinidae in Small Rivers in Central Thailand.
4. Fang, F. and M. Kottelat, 1999 - Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 10(3): 281-295
   Danio species from northern Laos, with descriptions of three new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae).
5. Freyhof, J. , D. V. Serov, and T. N. Nguyen, 2000 - Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 48(1-4): 93-99
   A preliminary checklist of the freshwater fishes of the River Dong Nai, South Vietnam.
6. Howes, G. J., 1980 - Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) : Zoology series 37(3): 129-198
   The anatomy, phylogeny and classification of bariliine cyprinid fishes.
7. Kottelat, M., 2001 - WHT Publications, Colombo: 1-198
   Fishes of Laos
8. Kottelat, M., 1998 - Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 9(1): 1-128
   Fishes of the Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai basins, Laos, with diagnoses of twenty-two new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Coiidae and Odontobutidae).
9. Kottelat, M., 2013 - Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 27: 1-663
   The fishes of the inland waters of southeast Asia: a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries.
10. Liao, T-Y, S. O. Kullander, and F. Fang, 2011 - Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 49(3): 224-232
    Phylogenetic position of rasborin cyprinids and monophyly of major lineages among the Danioninae, based on morphological characters (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae).
11. Rainboth, W. J., 1996 - FAO, Rome: 1-265
    FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong.
12. Tang, K. L., M. K. Agnew, W. J. Chen., M. V. Hirt, T. Sado, L. M. Schneider, J. Freyhof, Z. Sulaiman, E. Swartz, C. Vidthayanon, M. Miya, K. Saitoh, A. M. Simons, R. M. Wood, and R. L. Mayden, 2010 - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57(1): 189-214
    Systematics of the subfamily Danioninae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae).