Aequidens tetramerus
Saddle Cichlid, Grünglanzbuntbarsch (DE)
SynonymsTop ↑
Acara tetramerus Heckel, 1840; Acaronia trimaculata Allen, 1942; Aequidens stollei Miranda Ribeiro, 1918; Chromys uniocellata Castelnau, 1855
Etymology
Aequidens: from the Latin aequus, meaning ‘same, equal’ and dens, meaning ‘teeth’, in reference to the identically-sized teeth of type species A. tetramerus. This genus was originally proposed as a subgenus of Astronotus, which possesses enlarged anterior teeth.
tetramerus: from the Greek tetra- (Gr. τετρα-), meaning ‘four’ and méros (Gr. μέρος), meaning ‘part’, in reference to the four distinct rows of scales running slantwise across this species’ cheek (compared to three rows in the congener A. viridis).
Classification
Order: Perciformes Family: Cichlidae
Distribution
Described from the rio Branco in northern Brazil but as currently recognised is widely-distributed throughout much of northern South America including the Amazon system in Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil (where it’s also been recorded from the rio Tocantins and rio Parnaiba) and Bolivia, plus various drainages in French Guiana, Suriname and Guyana, and the rio Orinoco basin in Venezuela and Colombia.
Habitat
This species is essentially a habitat generalist exhibiting a preference for biotopes containing slow-moving or still water with well-structured substrates including submerged tree roots, branches, leaf litter, etc. Like many species it often moves into flooded zones during periods of high water and can also be found in flood plain lakes and oxbows. It’s more frequently recorded in quieter tributary drainages than major river channels and at some localities aquatic plants grow thickly. The water itself may be black, clear or white though the former pair are apparently favoured.
In the Belmont stream, a tributary of the lower rio Madeira in Rondônia State, western Brazil A. tetramerus has been recorded to occur sympatrically alongside numerous other fish species including Laemolyta taeniata, Leporinus fasciatus, Triportheus angulatus, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Mylossoma aureum, Semaprochilodus taeniurus, Biotodoma cupido, Cichla monoculus, Crenicichla johanna, Centromochlus heckelii, Hypoptopoma gulare, Peckoltia bachi, Squaliforma emarginata, Sorubim lima and Leiarius pictus.
Maximum Standard Length
The largest officially-recorded specimen measured 162 mm.
Aquarium SizeTop ↑
A tank with base dimensions of 120 cm x 45 cm should be the smallest considered and something significantly larger is likely to be required should you wish to maintain more than a single pair.
Maintenance
Ideally a soft, sandy substrate should be employed though it is not essential. Additional furnishings are as much a case of personal taste as anything else but the most favoured set-ups tend to feature relatively dim lighting plus some chunks of driftwood and scattered roots/branches. One or two flattish, water-worn rocks can also be included to provide potential spawning sites if you wish.
Water quality is of the utmost importance since these cichlids are susceptible to deteriorating water quality and should never be introduced to a biologically immature aquarium. The best way to achieve the desired stability is to over-filter the tank using a combination of external canister filters and/or a sump system and perform minimum weekly water changes of 50-70%. If the maintenance regime and/or diet is insufficient individuals may develop health problems such as head and lateral line erosion or exhibit stunted growth. Mechanical filtration should be tailored to trap small particles stirred up by the fish as sand can cause blockages/wearing issues with filter mechanisms if allowed to continually run through the system. High flow rates should be avoided so position filter returns accordingly.
Water Conditions
Temperature: 24 – 27 °C
pH: 4.5 – 7.5 depending on collection locality. Wild specimens collected from black water regions may require acidic water on a mandatory basis.
Hardness: 18 – 357 ppm; see comments regarding pH.
Diet
Omnivorous but the diet of wild specimens is apparently dominated by invertebrates. In the aquarium offer good quality, sinking dry foods as staple alongside regular meals of live or frozen bloodworm, Artemia, etc.
Behaviour and CompatibilityTop ↑
Males are territorial, particularly when spawning, while very small tankmates may be predated upon. Can be maintained alongside other cichlids provided there is sufficient space available.
Sexual Dimorphism
Males grow larger than females and usually develop extensions to the unpaired fins as they mature. When in spawning condition they are also much the more colourful gender.
Reproduction
Biparental substrate spawner and relatively simple to breed. The most proven method is to buy a group of 6 or more young specimens to be grown on together, removing the excess once pairs begin to form.
NotesTop ↑
This is the type species of the genus Aequidens and has the widest distribution of any member species. It exists in various colour forms depending on locality with variants from Ecuador and Peru being particularly sought after since they develop striking red (Ecuador) or orange (Peru) colouration on the lower part of the jaw, head and anterior portion of the belly whereas those from Brazil tend to have an overall grey/blue/green colouration, for example.
Despite its type status it’s long been hypothesised that A. tetramerus as currently recognised is likely to represent a group of related fishes rather than a single taxon, meaning if a detailed analysis were to be conducted some of the populations may be described as distinct species.
The genus Aequidens itself also has a complex history, having previously comprised a much larger grouping which contained members of the currently valid genera Andinoacara, Bujurquina, Krobia, Cleithracara and Laetacara. All of these are usually placed within the subfamily Cichlasomatinae alongside members of Cichlasoma, Ivanacara, Nannacara, Tahuantinsuyoa and Acaronia following Kullander (1998) and subsequent works.
Despite this considerable splitting Aequidens as currently recognised continues to present taxonomical problems, with recent phylogenetic analyses failing to agree on how best to resolve them. Musilová et al. (2009) recovered the A. tetramerus group as sister to Cichlasoma with the A. didema group sister to that clade and recommended synonymising Aequidens with Cichlasoma while moving two species, A. potaroensis and A. paloemeuensis, into Krobia.
These conclusions have not achieved general acceptance to date with the results of subsequent molecular research by H. López-Fernández et al. suggesting that the A. diadema and A. tetramerus groups in fact form a putatively monophyletic groupings. Both sets of authors agree that additional research is required in order to diagnose which species belong where.
References
- Kullander, S.O. 1986 - Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Research Division, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden, 394 p.
Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River drainage of Peru. - Kullander, S.O. and H. Nijssen. 1989 - E.J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands. 256 p.
The cichlids of Surinam: Teleostei, Labroidei. - López-Fernández, H., K. O. Winemiller and R. L. Honeycutt. 2010 - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55: 1070–1086
Multilocus phylogeny and rapid radiations in Neotropical cichlid fishes (Perciformes: Cichlidae: Cichlinae). - Musilová, Z., O. Říčan and J. Novák. 2009 - Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 47(3): 234-247
Phylogeny of the Neotropical cichlid fish tribe Cichlasomatini (Teleostei: Cichlidae) based on morphological and molecular data, with the description of a new genus.
