Betta unimaculata
Classification
Order: Perciformes Family: Osphronemidae
Distribution
Native to parts of the Kajan (upper River Kayan basin) and Howong (River Mahakam basin) river drainages in the Indonesian province of Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Borneo. These areas are very remote and some accessible only by small boat.
Populations from different localities have been observed to exhibit differences in colouration and patterning and these should never be kept together in aquaria as they will undoubtedly hybridise.
In order to maintain accuracy and preserve pure bloodlines the fish are often labelled with the collection locality by collectors/enthusiasts e.g. Mahakam, Sandakan, etc. The fish from ‘Tawau’ which was initially thought to be B. unimaculata has now been described and named B. ocellata (Tan & Ng 2005).
Habitat
Has been collected from numerous habitat-types including clear, flowing streams and isolated, elevated pools around headwaters as well as more turbid forested streams.
In flowing headwaters and streams the fish tend to lurk in slow-moving or stagnant pools whereas in the forest streams they’re found among marginal vegetation, leaf litter and submerged tree roots.
One population inhabits the top of a rainforest waterfall (in a place named Bahulak we’ve been unable to locate on a map) with substrate composed of exposed sandstone.
Maximum Standard Length
100 – 115 mm.
Aquarium SizeTop ↑
An aquarium with base measurements of 80 ∗ 30 cm or equivalent is sufficient for a pair.
Maintenance
Can be maintained in a fully-decorated aquarium although many breeders prefer not to use a substrate for ease of maintenance. Driftwood roots and branches can be used and placed such a way that a few shady spots are formed.
If you can’t find driftwood of the desired shape common beech or oak is safe to use if thoroughly dried and stripped of bark. Clay plant pots or lengths of piping can also be included to provide further shelter.
The addition of dried leaf litter, with beech, oak or Ketapang almond leaves all suitable, can further emphasise the natural feel and as well as offering additional cover for the fish brings with it the growth of microbe colonies as decomposition occurs. These can provide a valuable secondary food source for fry and the tannins and other chemicals released by the decaying leaves are also considered beneficial.
Like others in the genus this species seems to do best under fairly dim lighting. You could add aquatic plant species that can survive under such conditions such as Microsorum pteropus, Taxiphyllum barbieri or perhaps some potted Cryptocoryne spp., and a few patches of floating vegetation would be useful to diffuse the light entering the tank.
Filtration need not be too strong, with an air-powered sponge filter set to turn over gently adequate. Keep the tank well-covered and do not fill it to the top as like all Betta spp. it requires occasional access to the layer of humid air that will form above the water surface, and is an excellent jumper.
Water Conditions
Temperature: 21 – 26 °C
pH: 5.0 – 7.5
Hardness: 0 – 179 ppm
Diet
Likely to prey on insects and other small invertebrates/zooplankton in nature. Captive fish will normally accept dried products once they’re recognised as edible, but should be offered plenty of small live or frozen foods such as Daphnia, Artemia or bloodworm regularly to ensure development of optimal colour and condition. Large specimens can be offered the occasional earthworm, but take care not to overfeed as Betta spp. seem particularly prone to obesity.
Behaviour and CompatibilityTop ↑
Not recommended for the standard community set-up for reasons already touched upon. It’s requirements and disposition mean it’s best kept alone or with very peaceful species since much bigger or more vigorous fishes are likely to intimidate and outcompete it. Some small cyprinids and loaches that inhabit similar environments in nature are compatible.
It’s best maintained in a pair if you wish to breed it, but a group could be maintained in a sufficiently large aquarium.
Sexual Dimorphism
Males grow larger, are more colourful, possess a broader head shape, and develop more extended fins than females.
Reproduction
Paternal mouthbrooder. Ideally organise a separate tank for breeding purposes, unless the fish are already being maintained alone, setting this up as suggested above.
The tank should have the tightest-fitting cover you can find (some breeders use clingfilm instead to ensure no gaps) as the fry need access to a layer of warm, humid air without which development of the labyrinth organ can be impaired.
Though not always possible, the ideal way to obtain a compatible pair for breeding purposes is to allow one to form naturally from a group. If a male and female are selected randomly they do not always coexist peacefully and the weaker individual may even be killed. Once a pair has formed they do not usually display any aggression unless space is restricted.
Courtship is normally a protracted affair during which the intensely-coloured male approaches the female with mouth gaping and fins erect. The female usually orientates her body so that the male is facing one of her flanks and may gape and flare in response.
Eggs and milt are released in small batches during an ’embrace’ typical of osphronemids in which the male wraps his body around that of the female, and there may be several ‘dummy’ attempts before spawning commences. Both adults have been observed to collect fertilised eggs, with those picked up by the female spat into the mouth of the male. Once the male has all the eggs in his mouth the cycle is repeated until the female is spent of eggs, a process which can take some time.
Post-spawning it is very important to give the male as much peace and quiet as possible. Males are notorious for swallowing broods of eggs after a few days and the chances of this happening increase if the male is unduly disturbed.
For this reason many breeders leave the female in situ rather than risk unsettling the male by removing her though in smaller aquaria, in particular, she may harass the male excessively or eat fry and require removal regardless.
The incubation period is 10-14 days at the end of which the male will begin to release fully-formed, free-swimming fry. Success in raising them has been had when removed, left alongside the male or both adults.
The fry are big enough (5mm+) to accept motile foods such as microworm and Artemia nauplii (see above notes on the feeding of Artemia to young Betta) immediately. Feed them small amounts of different foods several times per day for the best rate of growth but be very careful not to overfeed as young of this species can develop intestinal problems very easily if overfed. Small (5 – 10% of tank volume) daily water changes should also be introduced to prevent organic wastes accumulating.
NotesTop ↑
This species is included in the Betta unimaculata complex of closely-related species within the genus, of which members share the following set of characters: body long and slender with depth at dorsal fin origin 18-25 % SL; head large and blunt with width 19-24 % SL; long maxilla and lower lip with distance from tip of lower jaw to posterior end of maxilla 27-54 % HL; caudal-fin rounded in shape, occasionally with elongated median rays; pelvic-fin short and filamentous; dorsal and anal fins relatively pointed.
The unique combination of characters distinguishing it from others in the group is as follows: male with yellowish to brown body; presence of iridescent scales on opercle; dorsal-fin ocellus absent; no dark verticalñ bars on body; transverse bars present in dorsal, anal, and caudal fins; head blunt, slightly truncate in shape; 27-30 anal-fin rays (mode 28-29); 31-33 lateral scales (mode 32); length of anal-fin base 45.9-53.7 % SL; length of dorsal-fin base 7.9-10.4 % SL; head width 19.6-21.8 % SL.
The genus Betta is the most speciose within the family Osphronemidae with almost 70 recognised members and looks set to grow further with new ones continuing to be described on a regular basis since the turn of the century.
Member species have successfully adapted to inhabit a variety of ecological niches from stagnant ditches to flowing hill streams including some extreme environments such as highly acidic peat swamp forests.
The referral of members to a number of groups containing closely-related species is now generally accepted but largely based on morphological/behavioural characters. Molecular phylogenetic work is thus required and would undoubtedly prove useful in more precisely determining relationships between these fishes.
A full list of the species groups as currently recognised can be found here.
Like others in the suborder Anabantoidei this species possesses an accessory breathing organ known as the labyrinth. So-called due to its maze-like structure this organ allows the fish to breathe atmospheric air to a certain extent.
Comprising paired suprabranchial organs formed via expansion of the epibranchial (upper) section of the first gill arch and housed in a chamber above the gills, it contains many highly-vascularised, folded flaps of skin which function as a large respiratory surface. Its structure varies in complexity between species, tending to be better-developed in those inhabiting harsher environments.
References
- Tan, H. H. and P. K. L. Ng, 2005 - Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement (13): 43-99
The fighting fishes (Teleostei: Osphronemidae: Genus Betta) of Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. - Witte, K.-E. and J. Schmidt, 1992 - Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 2(4): 305-330
Betta brownorum, a new species of anabantoids (Teleostei: Belontiidae) from northwestern Borneo, with a key to the genus.
