Homaloptera orthogoniata

Homaloptera: From the Greek homalos (= flat, level or even) and ptera (= wing), a reference to the horizontal positioning of the pectoral and ventral fins.

orthogoniata: From the Greek ortho (= straight or erect) and gonia (= angled).

Historically said to occur throughout much of Indochina but more recent research has shown it to be endemic to the island of Borneo.

In Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) it's known from the Sungai (river) Baram, Sungai Tatau and Sungai Rajang basins while in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) it's been recorded from the Sungai Sambas and Sungai Kapuas in Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan) as well as the Sungai Mahakam in Kalmantan Timur (East Kalimantan).

Type locality is 'Bloeoe (= Blu) River, Mahakam basin, Borneo'.

An obligate dweller of swiftly-flowing streams and headwaters containing clear, oxygen-saturated water. It often inhabits riffles and runs and is likely to show a preference for shallower zones.

Substrates are generally composed of gravel, rocks, boulders or bedrock carpeted with a rich biofilm formed by algae and other micro-organisms. Patches of aquatic plants are only occasionally present but riparian vegetation is usually well-developed.

At one locality in the Sungai Rajang basin it was observed in a riffle alongside a number of other species including Hampala macrolepidota, Paracrossocheilus vittata, 'Puntius' banksi, P. kuchingensis, Rasbora dusonensis, Gastromyzon megalepis, G. punctulatus, Nemacheilus saravacensis, Glyptothorax major, Hemirhamphodon kuekenthali, Dorichthys martensii, Channa lucius, Auriglobus silus, two species of Macrognathus, plus unidentified members of Homaloptera and Neogastromyzon.

An aquarium with base dimensions of 120 ∗ 30 cm48 ∗ 12 in or equivalent is required for long-term maintenance.

Most importantly the water must be clean and well-oxygenated so we suggest the use of an over-sized filter as a minimum requirement. Turnover should ideally be 10-15 times per hour so additional powerheads, airstones, etc., should be employed as necessary to achieve the desired flow and oxygenation.

Base substrate can either be of gravel, sand or a mixture of both to which should be added a layer of water-worn rocks and pebbles of varying sizes.

Driftwood roots and branches are also suitable and although rarely a feature of the natural habitat aquatic plants from adaptable genera such as Microsorum, Crinum and Anubias spp. can also be added. The latter are particularly useful as Homaloptera spp. appear to enjoy resting on their leaves.

Since it needs stable water conditions and feeds on biofilm this species should never be added to a biologically immature set-up, and a tightly-fitting cover is necessary since it can literally climb glass. While regular partial water changes are essential aufwuchs can be allowed to grow on all surfaces except perhaps the viewing pane.

Homaloptera spp. are specialised grazers feeding on biofilm, small crustaceans, insect larvae and other invertebrates.

In captivity some sinking dried foods may be accepted but regular meals of live or frozen Daphnia, Artemia, bloodworm, etc., are essential for the maintenance of good health, and it's highly preferable if the tank contains rock and other solid surfaces with growths of algae and other aufwuchs.

Balitorids are often seen on sale in an emaciated state which can be difficult to correct. A good dealer will have done something about this prior to sale but if you decide to take a chance with severely weakened specimens they'll initially require a continual, easily-obtainable source of suitable foods in the absence of competitors if they're to recover.

Not an aggressive fish although its particular requirements limit the choice of suitable tankmates.

Species inhabiting similar environments include Barilius, Discherodontus, Garra, Devario, some Rasbora, gobies of the genera Rhinogobius, Sicyopterus and Stiphodon plus Glyptothorax, Akysis and Oreoglanis spp. catfishes.

Many loaches from the family Nemacheilidae and most from Balitoridae are also suitable although harmless squabbles may occur with the latter group in particular. Research your choices before purchase to be sure.

It's found living in aggregations in nature so buy six or more to see it at its best as when kept singly or smaller groups it tends to be less bold. The interaction between individuals is also interesting to watch and a group will typically arrange themselves close to one another facing directly into the water flow at certain times of day.

Sexually mature females are usually a little larger and fuller-bodied than males.

Presumably a seasonal spawner in nature but nothing has been recorded in aquaria.

This species appearance is rare in the aquarium hobby with the majority of images both online and in the published literature instead depicting H. confuzona or H. parclitella.

H. orthogoniata can be told apart from all congeners by the following unique combination of characters: dorsal surface of body always with 3 large, saddle-shaped markings, the first posterior to the head, second covering the base of the dorsal-fin, and third between the dorsal-fin and caudal-fin (usually continuous laterally to origin of anal-fin); base of caudal-fin dark brown; 5-6 simple and 12-13 branched pectoral-fin rays; 61-70 lateral line scales.

H. confuzona, H. orthogoniata and H. parclitella appear similar at first glance but can be told apart by a few characters, the most useful of which to aquarists are the dark markings extending from the snout over the dorsal surface. These form a series of saddle-shaped blotches in most group members but there exist some marked differences.

For example in H. parclitella and H. orthogoniata the 'saddles' are noticeably broader, more regularly-shaped and well-defined than in H. confuzona and often extend into the lower half of the body.

H. parclitella always has two saddles and H. orthogoniata three, whereas in H. confuzona there may be up to four irregularly shaped markings which are normally restricted to the upper half of the body. One shared feature is an additional dark bar at the caudal peduncle.

Another feature shared by members of the genus is keeled scales; for example in H. bilineata each scale has a single, wide keel orientated posteriorly. In H. confuzona the keels are rounded and in H. ogilviei elongate; in both cases they're positioned at the posterior edge of the scale.

In H. orthogoniata, H. ocellata and H. parclitella a central, broad keel is flanked by two smaller ones. Other defining characters for H. orthogoniata include 5 branched anal-fin rays, 8-9 branched, 2 simple pelvic-fin rays, 12-13 branched, 5-6 simple pectoral-fin rays and 9-11 scale rows above the pelvic-fin origin.

The genus Homaloptera van Hasselt, 1823 has long been considered a polyphyletic assemblage (Kottelat, 1998)[3], and following Randall & Page (2015) the majority of members have been moved into other genera as recognized therein:

Homalopteroides Fowler, 1905 with 11 species (Homalopteroides wassinkii, H. modestus, H. rupicola, H. smithi, H. stephensoni, H. weberi, H. tweediei, H. indochinensis, H. nebulosus, H. yuwonoi, and H. avii), is the most diverse and widely distributed genus of species formerly in Homaloptera. It is known from northeast India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam (? see Kottelat 2012:51), Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

Homalopterula Fowler, 1940 is only known to occur in Sumatra and consists of six species, five described from Aceh Province (H. heterolepis, H. ripleyi, H. modiglianii, H. amphisquamata, and H. vanderbilti) and H. gymnogaster from Sumatera Barat province.

Balitoropsis Smith, 1945 contains two species, B. zollingeri and B. ophiolepis. The original type species B. bartschi (Smith, 1945) is now considered synonymous with B. zollingeri.

Pseudohomaloptera Silas, 1953, which has not been valid since 1953, now contains six species (P. tatereganii, P. sexmaculata, P. leonardi, P. yunnanensis, P. vulgaris, and P. batek) and is known to occur in southern China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo.

Ghatsa Randall & Page, 2015, contains the type species G. montana Herre, 1945, and four tentatively assigned species (G. pillaii, G. menoni, G. santhamparaiensis, and G. silasi).

Homaloptera van Hasselt, 1823, consists of six species (H. ocellata [type species], H. bilineata, H. orthogoniata, H. ogilviei, H. confuzona, and H. parclitella) found in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

Homaloptera is distinguished by the following combination of characters: reddish tints on fins in life; dorsal-fin origin anterior to pelvic-fin origin; 7–8½, 8½ (M) branched dorsal-fin rays; 7 branched pelvic-fin rays; forked caudal fin; keeled scales; 20–27 predorsal scales; 59–73 total lateral-line scales; no adipose keel on caudal peduncle; anus closer to anal-fin origin than to pelvic-fin insertion; large rostral cap; 2 thick rostral barbels in close proximity to each other; thick triangular upper lip; fleshy pad between lateral portions of lower lip; absence of central furrow at isthmus.

All Homaloptera spp. make fascinating aquarium inhabitants and are often referred to as 'lizard' loaches due to their behaviour and appearance. Like all balitorids they have morphology specialised for life in fast-flowing water, i.e., the paired fins are orientated and extended horizontally, head and body flattened, belly depressed.

These features form a powerful sucking cup which allows the fish to cling tightly to solid surfaces. The ability to swim in open water is greatly reduced and they instead appear to crawl and hop their way over rocks and other surfaces.

The family Balitoridae as recognised by Kottelat (2012) is widely-distributed across much of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and China.