Microdevario kubotai

Microdevario: from the Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós), meaning 'small', and the generic name Devario, in allusion to the small size of genus members and their evolutionary relationship with the genus Devario.

kubotai: named in honour of Katsuma Kubota, "in appreciation for his help in conducting several projects, assistance in the field, and the gift of numerous specimens".

Known from Ranong and Phang Nga provinces on the northwestern slope of peninsular Thailand and the Ataran River basin, a tributary within the Salween drainage in southern Myanmar which rises in Kanchanaburi province, western Thailand. It is likely to occur in other localities in the area between, and in Kanchanaburi an introduced population exists in the Songgaria River, upper Khwae Noi watershed. It has also been recorded in the Suriya (known as Hanthayaw in Myanmar) River basin, a headwater tributary of the Salween which rises in Tak province, Thailand.

Type locality is 'Khlong Phrae Sai at Ban Kreo Noi, kilometer 8 on road banching east, 32 kilometers north of Ranong on road from Ranong to Kra Buri (10°09'51"N, 98°41'11'E), Ranong Province, Thailand'.

Apparently inhabits calm to moderately-flowing stretches of well-oxygenated headwaters and minor tributaries. Such habitats tend to comprise transparent water, substrates of sand, gravel, rocks, boulders, and patches of leaf litter, with submerged driftwood, roots of riparian vegetation, and aquatic vegetation in places.

In the Songgaria River the water is clear, substrate composed of fallen branches, leaf litter, gravel, rocks, and exposed bedrock forming submerged rocky outcrops around heavily-vegetated margins. Sympatric species include Batasio tigrinus, Badis khwae, Tetraodon leiurus, Rasbora, and Schistura species.

In the Suriya the water is well-oxygenated, slightly turbid and aquatic plants such as Cryptocoryne crispatula var. balansae and Pogostemon helferi grow in calmer zones. Other fishes include Parambassis pulcinella, Botia kubotai, Acanthocobitis pictilis, Schistura maepaiensis, Homalopteroides modestus, Syncrossus berdmorei, Pangio fusca, Pethia stoliczkana, Crossocheilus burmanicus, Akysis vespa, Glyptothorax dorsalis, Amblyceps caecutiens, Batasio feruminatus, B. dayi, Caelatoglanis zonatus, Psilorhynchus robustus, and Tetraodon cutcutia.

An aquarium with base dimensions measuring at least 60 ∗ 30 cm24 ∗ 12 in is required.

Looks particularly effective in a planted arrangement with a darker substrate, and can appear a little washed out in sparsely-decorated set-ups. Also thrives in a set-up designed to resemble a flowing river or stream with a substrate of variably-sized rocks and gravel and some large water-worn boulders. This could be further furnished with driftwood branches and plants such as Microsorum, Bolbitis or Anubias spp. grown attached to the décor.

Since it naturally inhabits running water this species should never be added to a biologically immature set-up as it requires stable water conditions, and weekly water changes of 30-50 % aquarium volume should be considered mandatory.

Likely to feed on small invertebrates, algae and other zooplankton in nature. In the aquarium it will accept dried foods of a suitable size but should mostly be offered small live and frozen fare such as Daphnia, Artemia, etc.

Very peaceful but best maintained alone or with comparably-sized species that enjoy similar conditions.

Other small fishes from Thailand such as Boraras micros, B. naevus, Trigonostigma heteromorpha, T. espei, Acanthocobitis zonalternans, Acanthopsoides and Pangio spp. make excellent companions, and we suspect it might also do well alongside some species normally recommended for non-community aquaria such as Dario or smaller Betta.

It is a schooling species typically occurring in groups of 20-50 individuals in nature, therefore the purchase of at least 8-10 is recommended. Maintaining it in decent numbers will not only make the fish less nervous but will result in a more effective, natural-looking display. Males will also display their best colours as they compete with one other for female attention.

Mature females tend to be deeper-bodied and noticeably larger than the more compact, intensely-coloured males.

Has been bred successfully in aquaria. Like many small cyprinids Microdevario spp. scatter their eggs randomly, typically among aquatic vegetation, and do not exhibit parental care. If the fish are in good condition they will spawn often and in a mature planted aquarium it is possible that small numbers of fry may start to appear without intervention.

However if you want to increase the yield a slightly more controlled approach is required. The adult group can still be conditioned together but one or more smaller containers should also be set up and filled with aged water. Fill much of the available space with fine wool mops, Taxiphyllum or other fine-leaved plant. Neither lighting nor filtration is necessary although a small air-powered sponge filter can be installed if you prefer.

When the adults are suitably-conditioned a single pair or group comprising several males and females is then introduced to each container; the more individuals involved the greater probability of egg predation.

The adults are best removed after 2-3 days as they will eat any eggs or fry they find. Incubation is temperature-dependent to an extent but normally around 72 hours with the young free-swimming 3-4 days later. Initial food should be 5-50 micron grade, introducing Artemia nauplii, microworm, etc., once the fry are large enough to accept them.

M. kubotai is relatively common in the ornamental trade, and is sold under various names including 'green neon rasbora', 'yellow neon rasbora', 'Kubotai's microrasbora', and 'kubotai rasbora'.

It can be distinguished from its congeners by possession of hyaline dorsal and anal fins, 9-10 branched anal-fin rays, and 24-25 + 1 longitudinal scales.

The genus Microdevario was raised by Fang et al. (2009) after phylogenetic analyses revealed that some species formerly included in Microrasbora to be more closely allied with Devario and in need of reclassification. Microdevario is largely separated from Devario and other closely related genera such as Chela and Laubuca by virtue of internal characters but also the following: small adult size; anal and dorsal fins with concave-shaped distal margin; absence of barbels; absence of perforated scales; 9-10 branched anal-fin rays; 7 branched dorsal-fin rays; less abdominal than caudal vertebrae.

The evolutionary pathway leading to small adult size in Microdevario has been referred to as miniaturisation, characterised by sexually mature adults with a significantly reduced size of less than 20 mm SL. Among bony fishes cyprinids are one of the few groups in which this phenomenon occurs repeatedly across numerous genera. Most show a preference for still or slow-moving, often nutrient-poor, habitats such as forest peat swamps.